Unemployment is concentrated among educated youth.
PLFS 2021-22. Employment is defined based on Current Weekly Status. Numbers in the boxes are unemployment rates (%). Colour shading is for ease of interpretation. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Since 2019, women largely entered self-employment and moved away from wage work
PLFS various years. Employment is defined based on Current Weekly Status. Each bar indicates the cumulative percent point change as compared to the base quarter of April-June 2018. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Indian states are consistently lower than comparable developing countries in terms of the female LFPR
PLFS 2018-19 and World Development Indicators. State Domestic Product data from the RBI is converted to USD using the prevailing exchange rate. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Share of workers in non-agricultural employment rose much faster than the share in regular wage employment in the non-farm sector
NSSO EUS-PLFS various years. The numbers are indexed to their 1983 values. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Long-run female workforce participation rates by caste
NSSO EUS and PLFS various years. Employment is defined as per Current Weekly Status. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Relationship between husband’s earnings and probability of women’s employment
PLFS 2021-22. Shown here are predicted values of the employment probability for each level of monthly income along with the confidence interval band. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Impact of mother-in-law status on probability of being employed for women
PLFS 2021-22. Each bar gives the magnitude of the marginal effect of a variable on the probability of being employed. Values where the confidence interval bars do not intersect with the horizontal zero line are statistically significant. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
The gender earnings gap decreases with higher earnings
PLFS 2021-22. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Comparing caste, gender and religion-based earnings gaps for regular wage workers
PLFS 2021-22. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Over-representation of SC workers in waste and leather industries has reduced over time.
NSSO EUS and PLFS various rounds. Shown are Representation Indices. See text and Methods Appendix for details. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
Privileged castes are over-represented to a greater degree in ownership of larger enterprises
6th Economic Census, 2013. Both X and Y axis are shown in log terms for clarity. This figure is from State of Working India 2023. Please click here for the full report.
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What is CSE?
India is facing a severe crisis of employment and livelihoods. Economic growth has failed to generate secure, regular, and decent incomes for the vast majority. There is urgent need for fresh thinking that does not bind itself to any ideological pre-commitment except the right of every Indian to lead a secure, dignified life in a just and sustainable way. This thinking must be both, anchored in the real-world, and imaginative. The Centre for Sustainable Employment (CSE) is a research centre at Azim Premji University, whose aim is to generate and support research in the areas of job creation, employment, and sustainable livelihoods.